Keistimewaan Kucing

Posted by Unknown Minggu, 23 September 2012 0 komentar
Siapa sih yang tidak kenal dengan hewan satu ini. Hampir setiap tempat di sekitar kita, atau bahkan rumah kita terdapat hewan yang bernama manis; kucing, semanis rupanya. Namun, pernahkah kita menelaah fakta-fakta ilmiah di balik ciptaan Allah yang luar biasa ini? Disini akan kita ungkap beberapa fakta ilmiah keistimewaan hewan yang memang istimewa ini.

Fakta pertama: Pada kulit kucing terdapat otot yang berfungsi untuk menolak telur bakteri. Otot kucing itu juga dapat menyesuaikan dengan sentuhan otot manusia. Permukaan lidah kucing tertutupi oleh berbagai benjolan kecil yang runcing, benjolan ini bengkok mengerucut seperti kikir atau gergaji. Bentuk ini sangat berguna untuk membersihkan kulit. Ketika kucing minum, tidak ada setetes pun cairan yang jatuh dari lidahnya. Sedangkan lidah kucing sendiri merupakan alat pembersih yang paling canggih, permukaannya yang kasar dapat membuang bulu-bulu mati dan membersihkan bulu-bulu yang tersisa di badannya.

Fakta kedua: Telah dilakukan berbagai penelitian terhadap kucing dan berbagai perbedaan usia, perbedaan posisi kulit, punggung, bagian dalam telapak kaki, pelindung mulut, dan ekor. Pada bagian-bagian tersebut dilakukan pengambilan sample dengan usapan. Di samping itu, dilakukan juga penanaman kuman pada bagian-bagian khusus. Terus diambil juga cairan khusus yang ada pada dinding dalam mulut dan lidahnya.

Hasil yang didapatkan adalah:

Hasil yang diambil dari kulit luar tenyata negatif berkuman, meskipun dilakukan berulang-ulang. Perbandingan yang ditanamkan kuman memberikan hasil negatif sekitar 80% jika dilihat dari cairan yang diambil dari dinding mulut. Cairan yang diambil dari permukaan lidah juga memberikan hasil negatif berkuman. Sekalinya ada kuman yang ditemukan saat proses penelitian, kuman itu masuk kelompok kuman yang dianggap sebagai kuman biasa yang berkembang pada tubuh manusia dalam jumlah yang terbatas seperti, enterobacter, streptococcus, dan taphylococcus. Jumlahnya kurang dan 50 ribu pertumbuhan. Tidak ditemukan kelompok kuman yang beragam. Berbagai sumber yang dapat dipercaya dan hasil penelitian laboratorium menyimpulkan bahwa kucing tidak memiliki kuman dan mikroba. Liurnya bersih dan membersihkan.

Fakta ketiga: Dan hasil penelitian kedokteran dan percobaan yang telah di lakukan di laboratorium hewan, ditemukan bahwa badan kucing bersih secara keseluruhan. Ia lebih bersih dari manusia. Bahkan di zaman dahulu kucing dipakai untuk terapi. Dengkuran kucing yang 50Hz baik buat kesehatan, selain itu mengelus kucing juga bisa menurunkan tingkat stress

Komentar Para Dokter yang Bergelut dalam Bidang Kuman

Menurut Dr. George Maqshud, ketua laboratorium di Rumah Sakit Hewan Baitharah, jarang sekali ditemukan adanya kuman pada lidah kucing. Jika kuman itu ada, maka kucing itu akan sakit.

Dr. Gen Gustafsirl menemukan bahwa kuman yang paling banyak terdapat pada anjing, selanjutnya manusia 1/4 anjing, sedangkan kucing 1/2 manusia. Dokter hewan di rumah sakit hewan Damaskus, Sa’id Rafah menegaskan bahwa kucing memiliki perangkat pembersih yang bemama lysozyme.

Kucing tidak suka air karena air merupakan tempat yang sangat subur untuk
pertumbuhan bakteri, terlebih pada genangan air (lumpur, genangan hujan, dll). Kucing juga sangat menjaga kestabilan kehangatan tubuhnya. Ia tidak banyak berjemur dan tidak dekat-dekat dengan air. Tujuannya agar bakteri tidak berpindah kepadanya. Inilah yang menjadi faktor tidak adanya kuman pada tubuh kucing. Lihat begitu luar biasanya kucing itu, bahkan jadi hewan peliharaan kesayangan Nabi.

Namun sayangnya banyak sekali dari kita yang berpandangan negatif seputar binatang ini, ada yang mengatakan kucing dapat menyebabkan asma karena bulu-bulunya, ada juga yang bilang kucing terinfeksi toxoplasma.

Padahal kalau teliti lebih lanjut, toxoplasma itu adalah sejenis bakteri yang dapat hidup di binatang apa saja. Catatan dalam penelitian ilmiah para peneliti, Anjing dan Babi adalah rekor terbanyak hewan yang mengandung penyakit ini. Tapi kenapa, justru kucinglah yang dijadikan kambing hitamnya?
Toxoplasma berasal dari infeksi parasit Toxoplasma Gondii. Adapun penularannya pada manusia melalui empat cara yaitu:

1. Secara tidak sengaja memakan makanan yang tercemari parasit ini. Misalnya kita makan sayuran yang tidak dicuci bersih dan ternyata parasit toxo telah mencemarinya.

2. Memakan daging sapi, kambing, babi, ayam, babi atau anjing yang mengandung parasit toxo yang tidak dimasak dengan sempurna (matang).

3. Infeksi melalui placenta bayi dalam kandungan.
Seorang ibu hamil yang terinfeksi toxoplasma bisa menularkan parasit ini pada janin yang dikandungnya, penularan ini disebut penularan secara congenital.

4. Melalui transfusi darah, transplantasi organ dari seorang donor yang kebetulan menderita toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma bisa menyerang perempuan maupun laki-laki. Sesungguhnya tak hanya kucing yang bisa terinfeksi parasit Toxoplasma, karena semua hewan berdarah panas (unggas dan mamalia) sebenarnya juga bisa terinfeksi sebagai induk semang perantaranya (Intermediate host).

Parasit dari intermediate host dapat menular hanya jika kita MENGKONSUMSINYA. Bedanya dengan kucing, Toxoplasma menyelesaikan keseluruhan siklus hidupnya di usus halus kucing, dan akan dikeluarkan bersamaan dengan feces atau kotorannya.

Mungkin karena alasan inilah maka kucing menjadi tersangka utama toxoplasma bagi sebagian kita. Sementara sapi, kambing, ayam, anjing dan hewan lainnya tidak, meski sama-sama punya “bibit” Toxoplasma di tubuhnya.

Tips untuk Menghindari Toxoplasma:

Sediakan pasir atau tempat kotoran untuk kucing dan sebaiknya dibersihkan setiap hari. Nah kita juga harus rajin bersih-bersih, lagian kucing kalau mau pup dipasir SELALU dikubur, karena kucing itu sendiri adalah hewan yang pemalu. Malah sebenarnya kalau gak ada pasir atau tanah, kucing akan menahan pup sekuat tenaga, kalau bener-bener udah tidak tahan, terpaksanya pup di pojokan.

Makanya sediakanlah lahan pasir buat kucing Cegahlah kucing agar tidak berburu tikus, burung, lalat dan kecoa (kasih makan makanan yang bersih, matang dan layak). Jangan memberi makan hewan peliharaan dengan daging, jeroan, tulang dan susu mentah, sebelum di masaklah terlebih dahulu. Setelah mencuci daging mentah sebaiknya cuci tangan dengan sabun agar tak ada parasit yang tertinggal di tangan. Cucilah tangan dengan sabun setiap kali hendak makan. Hindari memakan daging mentah atau setengah matang. Makanlah daging yang benar-benar telah dimasak sampai matang. Cuci bersih sayur-mayur dan buah-buahan yang hendak dikonsumsi mentah sebelum dimakan (dilalap). Untuk ibu-ibu hamil, sebaiknya tidak membersihkan tempat kotoran kucing ataupun mencuci daging ataupun jeroan selama masa kehamilan. Mintalah bantuan orang lain untuk mengerjakannya.

Untuk ibu-ibu yang berencana untuk hamil sebaiknya melakukan pemeriksaan darah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya infeksi Toxoplasma.
Jika anda memelihara kucing, latihlah dari kecil kucing tersebut dengan membiasakan buang kotoran pada tempatnya.

Sedangkan khusus untuk ASMA, orang biasa mengait-ngaitkannya akibat dengan bulu-bulu kucing. Padahal belum tentu demikian.
Asma adalah suatu keadaan di mana saluran nafas mengalami penyempitan karena hiperaktivitas terhadap rangsangan tertentu, yang menyebabkan peradangan, penyempitan ini bersifat sementara. Penyakit ini salah satunya dikarenakan kelainan di paru atau di jantung yang bersifat keturunan (biasanya sejak kecil gejalanya sudah mulai tampak).

Khusus asma yang disebabkan kelainan di paru-paru saja, ada yang bersifat intrinsik (dalam tubuh sendiri), dan ekstrinsik baik psikosomatitik (dipacu beban psikis tertentu) maupun non-psikosomatitik – biasanya mirip penderita alergi (tak tahan atau salah tanggapan sistem imun). Dari analisa kemungkinan jenis dan penyebab sesak, tentulah yang bersifat ekstrinsik yang dapat sembuh dengan menghindari atau menetralisir pencetus timbulnya serangan asma.

Jadi orang yang kambuh asmanya itu bukan hanya karena bulu kucing, tetapi bisa juga karena debu, sesak dalam keramaian, stress, asap, serbuk bunga, udara dingin, olahraga, dll. Sebenarnya bulu kucing hanyalah menjadi PEMICU, sama seperti faktor-faktor yang lain. Sumber : Net

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Kode Warna

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 27 Juli 2012 0 komentar

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Amber Room, Rumah Berlapis Emas

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 25 Mei 2012 2 komentar
Dari semua harta karun dunia yang hilang, Amber room adalah salah satu yang paling terkenal. Sebuah ruangan yang dibangun benar-benar berlapiskan dari emas kuning dan daun emas, sangat luar biasa cantik yang sudah lama dikenal sebagai Keajaiban kedelapan Dunia.

Bangunan yang di bangun pada tahun 1709, itu merupakan tempat Raja Prusia sampai ia memberikan sebagai hadiah untuk Tsar Rusia Peter Agung pada 1716. Itu tetap di Rusia selama lebih dari dua ratus tahun dan kemudian menghilang.
Ketika Nazi menyerbu Leningrad (St Petersburg) pada tahun 1941, Soviet berusaha menyembunyikan harta karun terkenal mereka. Tp bagaimanapun, nazi tidak mudah tertipu. Hanya butuh waktu 36 jam untuk mengambil isi Amber Room ke dalam peti, dan dengan kereta dibawa menuju kota Jerman Konigsberg.

Ketika perang berakhir pada 1945, Soviet mencoba merebut kembali Amber Room. Tapi keajaiban kedelapan Dunia tidak pernah terlihat lagi.
Lebih dari enam puluh tahun terakhir, banyak rumor yang tak terhitung mengenai keberadaan Amber Room. Ada yang bilang hancur dalam pemboman Konigsberg dan ada yang menyatakan bahwa itu terkubur di suatu tempat di Pegunungan Bijih atau terkubur di sebuah kapal selam yang tenggelam ke dasar Laut Baltik.

Tapi sekarang, pemburu harta karun Jerman mengatakan bahwa mereka telah menemukan sebuah gua bawah tanah terlupakan yang beriisi dengan emas Nazi. Dan mereka yakin bahwa Ruang Amber juga tersembunyi di dalam. Membuka gua akan sulit, karena diketahui bahwa nazi memasang ranjau di harta mereka dengan bahan peledak.
 
 

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Komodo Resmi Jadi New 7 Wonders

Posted by Unknown Rabu, 16 Mei 2012 0 komentar
Taman Nasional Komodo di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Rabu (16/5/2012), akhirnya resmi ditetapkan menjadi satu dari tujuh keajaiban dunia atau New 7 Wonders of Nature oleh New 7 Wonders Foundation.
"Keberhasilan Taman Nasional Komodo menjadi contoh inspiratif bagaimana sebuah masyarakat dapat bersama-sama berusaha melindungi sebuah spesies yang hampir punah," kata Presiden New 7 Wonders Foundation Bernard Weber dalam rilis persnya.
Weber mengatakan, jumlah suara melalui pesan singkat yang sangat besar menunjukkan bahwa bangsa Indonesia telah mengekspresikan kebanggaan pada warisan alam, yang juga merupakan bagian dari mozaik dunia.
Duta Besar Komodo dan Ketua Dewan Pembina Yayasan Komodo Kita Jusuf Kalla mengungkapkan bahwa proses penetapan Taman Nasional Komodo sebagai "New 7 Wonders of Nature" memakan waktu lebih dari lima bulan untuk klarifikasi dan penghitungan.
"Saya berterima kasih kepada masyarakat Indonesia yang dengan setia telah mengirimkan pesan singkat," kata Kalla.
Selain Taman Nasional Komodo, enam keajaiban lain yang terpilih adalah Halong Bay, Iguazu Falls, Jeju Island, Puerto Princesa Underground River, Table Mountain, dan Amazon (masih dalam proses klarifikasi).
kompas

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Pesona Gunung Salak dan Kearifan lokal

Posted by Unknown Senin, 14 Mei 2012 0 komentar
Gunung Salak merupakan sebuah gunung berapi yang terdapat di pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Gunung ini mempunyai sekitar tujuh buah puncak. Para pendaki biasanya menggunakan Puncak Salak I dan Salak II. Letak geografis puncak gunung ini ialah pada 6°43′ LS dan 106°44′ BT. Tinggi puncak Salak I adalah 2.211 m dan Salak II setinggi 2.180 meter di atas permukaan laut (dpl). Satu puncak lagi dikenal dengan Puncak Sumbul dengan ketinggian 1.926 m dpl.

Gunung Salak dapat didaki dari beberapa jalur pendakian. Puncak yang paling sering didaki adalah puncak II dan I. Jalur yang paling ramai adalah melalui Curug Nangka, di sebelah utara gunung. Melalui jalur ini, orang akan sampai pada puncak Salak II.

Puncak Salak I biasanya didaki dari arah timur, yakni Cimelati dekat Cicurug. Salak I bisa juga dicapai dari Salak II, dan dengan banyak kesulitan, dari Sukamantri, Ciapus.

Jalur lain adalah ‘jalan belakang’ lewat Cidahu, Sukabumi, atau dari Kawah Ratu dekat G. Bunder.

Selain itu Gunung Salak lebih populer sebagai ajang tempat pendidikan bagi klub-klub pecinta alam, terutama sekali daerah punggungan Salak II. Ini dikarenakan medan hutannya yang rapat dan juga jarang pendaki yang mengunjungi gunung ini. Juga memiliki jalur yang cukup sulit bagi para pendaki pemula dikarenakan jalur yang dilewati jarang kita temukan cadangan air kecuali di Pos I jalur pendakian Kawah Ratu, beruntung di puncak Gunung ( 2211 Mdpl ) ditemukan kubangan mata air.Gunung Salak meskipun tergolong sebagai gunung yang rendah, akan tetapi memiliki keunikan tersendiri baik karakteristik hutannya maupun medannya.

Secara administratif, G. Salak termasuk dalam wilayah Kabupaten Sukabumi dan Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Pengelolaan kawasan hutannya semula berada di bawah Perum Perhutani KPH Bogor, namun sejak 2003 menjadi wilayah perluasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, kini bernama Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak.

Menurut Ilmuwan terkenal asal Inggris Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913), Gunung Salak merupakan gunung berapi yang puncaknya terpotong dan bergerigi. Itu menjadi latar belakang yang khas bagi bentangan alam di sekitarnya.

Saat Wallace mengunjungi daerah Bogor dalam rangkaian penjelajahan ilmiahnya, gunung Salak telah memesonakan Wallace. Bahkan tidak hanya Wallace, banyak ilmuan lain yang sangat tertarik dengan keberadaan gunung Salak. Pesona yang ditawarkan gunung Salak tidak terbatas pada keindahan alamnya melainkan juga kenakeragaman hayati, hewani, dan juga keakraban masyarakatnya yang masih masih menyuguhkan kearifan tradisional.
Diantara ilmuawan yang tercatat dalam lintasan sejarah yang tersedot oleh magnet gunung Salak adalah seorang botanis berkebangsaan Swedia Claes Frederic Hornstedt (1758-1809), murid dari Thunberg. Hornstedt mengunjungi Gunung Salak pada tahun 1783. Setelah itu disusul oleh Reinwardt yang mendaki dan melakukan ekplorasi botani di gunung Salak pada tahun 1817.
Sedangkan ilmuwan dari Indonesia yang pernah melakukan ekplorasi di gunung Salak diantaranya adalah; Kuswata Kartawinata yang melakukan penelitian pada tahun 1985 di daerah Awibengkok. Di tahun yang sama, Edi Mirmanto melakukan penelitian ekologi tumbuhan di di daerah Cianten, sedangkan Harry Wiriadinata melakukan ekplorasi taksonomi di koridor antara G. Salak dan G. Halimun pada tahun 1997.

Vulkanologi dan geologi
Gunung Salak merupakan gunung api strato tipe A. Semenjak tahun 1600-an tercatat terjadi beberapa kali letusan, di antaranya rangkaian letusan antara 1668-1699, 1780, 1902-1903, dan 1935. Letusan terakhir terjadi pada tahun 1938, berupa erupsi freatik yang terjadi di Kawah Cikuluwung Putri.

Menurut Hartman (1938) G. Salak I merupakan bagian gunung yang paling tua. Disusul oleh G. Salak II dan kemudian muncul G. Sumbul. Sedangkan Kawah Ratu diperkirakan merupakan produk akhir dari G. Salak. Kawah Cikuluwung Putri dan Kawah Hirup masih merupakan bagian dari Kawah Ratu.

Taman Nasional
Keberadaan gunung Salak secara ekologis makin terjaga saja ketika kawasan ini ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak melaui Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 175/kpts 11/2003 pada tanggal 10 Juni 2003 seluas 113. 357 hektar.
Perubahan status menjadi Kawasan Taman Nasional merupakan tugas negara untuk melindungi tanah airnya supaya dapat memenuhi hayat hidup orang banyak. Dengan menjadi Taman Nasional yang menjadikan kawasan ini relaitif lebih terjaga akan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap air bersih dan juga menyelamatkan masyarakat dari ancaman yang lebih besar, yakni banjir dan longsor.
Gunung Salak merupakan salah satu dari hulu dua sungai yang sungai yang membelah kota Jakarta dan Tangerang, yakni sungai Cisadane dan sungai Ciliwung. Dengan demikian, bila kawasan gunung Salak tidak rusak maka kawasan ini akan menyerap banyak air yang, di samping dapat menyediakan kebutuhan masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar gunung Salak juga sekaligus mengurangi volume air yang mengalir ke Jakarta, karena mencegah banjir tidak hanya persoalan hilir melainkan juga hulu.
Keberadaan Taman Nasional atau kawasan konservasi tidak bisa lepas dari masyarakat yang hidup di sekitarnya, yang telah puluhan bahkan ratusan tahun tinggal, menetap, dan memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam yang terdapat di dalamnya. Bahkan dalam paradigma baru pengelolaan suatu kawasan konservasi adalah dengan melibatkan secara aktif masyarakat. Karena memang sejatinya, kehadiran kawasan konservasi, yang relatif baru dibandingkan kehadiran manusia, adalah dapat berperan dalam mensejahterakan masyarakat.

Kearifan Lokal
Masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar gunung Salak masih memiliki kearifan tradisional, diantaranya berupa pengetahuan tentang pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati untuk berbagai kebutuhannya. Tradisi dan pengetahuan lokal mengenai konservasi kawasan merupakan hasil dari interaksi panjang antara manusia dan alam. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa setiap masyarakat, atau bahkan mungkin individu, memiliki cara pandang tersendiri tentang keberadaan sebuah Gunung, tergantung pada hasil interaksinya dengan gunung.
Bagi masyarakat Sunda yang tinggal di sekitar kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, gunung Salak memiliki makna tersendiri. Gunung diyakini oleh masyarakat sebagai tempat bersemayam dan turunnya para Batara dari Kahyangan, untuk itu masyarakat Sunda klasik Sunda sering menyebut gunung sebagai kabuyutan. Peran gunung sebagai kabuyut dapat dilihat dari cerita-cerita rakyat dan juga tuturan para pini sepuh.
Oleh masyarakat adat yang tinggal di desa Giri Jaya, gunung Salak merupakan kawasan yang penting, karena di gunung salak ini asal usul daerah dan kehidupan tersimpan. Gunung Salak juga menyimpan banyak misteri kehidupan, bagi siapa saja yang dapat menemukan atau mengerti rahasia yang terdapat di gunung Salak akan menjadi manusia arif. Pendapat mereka didasarkan atas tafsirannya mengenai asal nama Salak yang menjadi nama gunung ini. Menurut masyarakat, nama Salak berasal dari Siloka dan salaka yang berarti simbol atau tanda dan juga asal-usul.
Masyarakat adat ini setiap tahunnya sering menggelar acara-acara seremonial tradisi, seperti seren taun, muludan, dan lain-lain. Dalam pelaksanaan seremoni tradisi tersebut, penghormatan terhadap alam, Gunung Salak dalam hal ini dilakukan. Gunung Salak sangat dihormat oleh masyarakat.

Temuan Arkeologis
Terlepas dari benar tidaknya pendapat masyarakat tentang makna gunung Salak, yang pasti hal tersebut adalah anggapan yang ada dan tetap hidup di masyarakat, dan itu adalah sah-sah saja. Namun yang pasti, di Gunung Salak ditemukan penemuan arkeologis berupa bebatuan yang berbentuk Punden Berundak dari masa neolithikum atau zaman batu baru di daerah Bogor. Tempat penemuan arkeologis itu sampai sekarang masih terjaga dan terawat dengan baik. Masyarakat meyakini bahwa di tempat tersebut pada masa lalu adalah pusat kekuasaan Sunda pada zaman baheula.
Sedangkan di daerah Girijaya juga selain terdapat batuan berupa Punden Berundak, walau lebih kecil dari yang terdapat di Bogor. Punden berundak yang terdapat di Jalur Girijaya, bila kita hendak mendaki puncak gunung Salak ini, dipercaya juga sebagai petilasan dari Eyang Santri ketika beliau berkhalwat.
Di daerah ini juga terdapat makam yang diyakini oleh masyarakat sebagai makam keramat. Pada malam hari, terutama malam-malam tertentu yang menurut anggapan masyarakat memiliki nuansa spiritual kuat, maka makan ini akan penuh dikunjungi oleh peziarah. Makam ini merupakan makan Eyang Santri yang menurut penuturan juru kunci serta keturunannya adalah seorang Waliyullah (kekasih Allah). Eyang Santri adalah seorang putra keraton Solo yang lari dari kehidupan Keraton karena tidak puas dengan kebijakan yang diambil oleh keraton. Beliau lebih memilih berjuang melawan Belanda dan dakwah agama Islam.
Eyang Santri juga, menurut penuturan cucu-nya adalah seorang yang penting dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan. Beliau salah seorang yang membantu pendanaan Sumpah Pemuda serta menjadi inspirasi Bung Karno dalam penamaan Marhaen. Eyang Santri adalah sosok petani kecil yang ditemui Bung Karno ketika ia jalan-jalan di daerah Pasundan.

Makna Puncak
Dengan perspektif berbeda, seorang Arkeolog dari UI, Aris Munandar, berdasarkan penelitiannya pada masyarakat adat yang terdapat di Sindang Barang, Bogor, berpendapat bahwa kedua puncak yang terdapat di gunung Salak memiliki makna yang berbeda bagi masyarakat yang masih berpegang pada tradisi dan masih terpengaruh oleh ajaran Hindu. Munadar lebih lanjut mengatakan bahwa Puncak Gajah ditafsirkan sebagai tempat bersemayamnya arwah raja-raja Sunda Kuno yang telah ngahyang. Sedangkan puncak Keramat ditafsirkan sebagai tempat persemayaman para Hyang, dewata Sunda Kuno, serta Raja-raja kerajaan Sunda.
Selain itu, masyarakat juga menganggap bahwa gunung Salak sebagai sebagai Paku Jagat atau Paku Tetenger bagi Pakuan Pajajaran. Mungkin sama dengan Merapi bagi masyarakat Jogja. Sedangkan bagi masyarakat Islam yang berkutat pada pencarian spiritualitas, diyakini bahwa di puncak keramat terdapat satu makam dari tokoh penyebar agama Islam yang berasal dari Cirebon, yaitu KH Hasan Basri yang bertugas menyebarkan agama Islam ke daerah Sunda seperti di Bogor, Sukabumi, Pelabuhan Ratu, dan Cianjur. Puncak Salak juga dianggap sebagai temapt berkumpulnya ghaib-ghaib Suci, seperti wali songo, dan lain-lain.
Sebagian masyarakat juga menganggap bahwa terdapat tiga pilar utama berupa gunung yang menopang kehidupan masyarakat Sunda, yakni Gunung Salak, Gunung Gede, dan Gunung Pangrango. Masyarakat menafsirkan ketiga gunung ini sebagai simbol dari huruf alif, lam, ha, ketiga kata ini yang kalau digabungkan akan menjadi satu kata, yaitu ilah yang berarti Allah atau Tuhan.
Sebagian masyarakat juga percaya bahwa tafsir dari ketiga hurup Arab tersebut adalah sebagai simbol dari ajaran kebaikan. Gunung Salak adalah simbol dari alif (huruf pertama dalam abjad Arab) yang berarti hubungan vertikal. Sedangkan Gunung Pangrango adalah simbol dari lam dan Gunung Gede simbol dari ha.
Jadi mari kita peihara gunung, karena di tempat tersebut antara konservasi, tradisi, mitos, legenda, kepercayaan, dan juga daerah yang bisa memenuhi hajat hidup orang banyak membaur menjadi satu.
Sumber : setialesmana.blogdetik.com

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Gunung Salak dan mitos Prabu Siliwangi

Posted by Unknown Minggu, 13 Mei 2012 1 komentar

Gunung Salak kini menjadi buah bibir. Gunung yang terletak di Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat itu kembali ramai dibicarakan setelah pesawat Sukhoi Superjet 100 yang ditumpangi oleh 45 orang jatuh di lerengnya.

Banyaknya kecelakaan yang terjadi di Gunung Salak, semakin menguatkan mitos bahwa gunung berapi ini angker. Terlebih, sebagian warga setempat ada yang masih percaya bahwa Gunung Salak adalah tempat yang suci, tempat terakhir kemunculan Prabu Siliwangi, raja Padjajaran, kerajaan Hindu terakhir di Jawa Barat.

Penelusuran merdeka.com, sebuah pura juga dibangun di lereng Gunung Salak. Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta Tamansari Gunung Salak ini konon dibangun sebagai penghormatan terhadap Prabu Siliwangi dan para prajuritnya yang menghilang di Gunung Salak dan menjelma menjadi macan.

Masyarakat sekitar juga sering menemukan hal-hal gaib di kawasan Gunung Salak ini yang berhubungan dengan Prabu Siliwangi. Sebelum membangun pura ini pada 1995, umat Hindu terlebih dahulu membangun candi dengan patung macan berwarna putih dan hitam. Di lokasi inilah, diyakini Prabu Siliwangi menghilang dan berubah wujud menjadi macan.

Kenapa memilih di lokasi itu dibangun pura? Konon, pada tahun 1981 silam, tempat tersebut dikenal sebagai Batu Menyan. Batu menyan ini setiap harinya mengeluarkan asap. Konon masyarakat sekitar setiap hari melihat cahaya putih, dan sinar terang dari angkasa, kemudian turun ke batu.

Dengan mitos tersebut, tak heran Gunung Salak jadi terkenal angker. Banyak pendaki yang hilang lantaran tersesat. Selama ini, tak sedikit pendaki Gunung Salak mengaku ada yang mendengar gamelan atau pun melihat penampakan-penampakan mahluk halus saat mendaki Gunung Salak. Para pendaki pun disarankan untuk tidak mengucapkan kata-kata kotor atau kasar selama perjalanan. Tujuannya untuk menghindari gangguan 'lelembut' penunggu Gunung Salak.

Tak sedikit pula terjadi kecelakaan pesawat yang jatuh di Gunung Salak. Kecelakaan ini pun disangkut-pautkan hal-hal gaib, termasuk kecelakaan pesawat Sukhoi Superjet 100.

Gunung Salak adalah gunung berapi yang mempunyai beberapa puncak, di antaranya Puncak Salak I dan Salak II. Letak astronomis puncak gunung ini ialah pada 6°43' LS dan 106°44' BT. Tinggi puncak Salak I 2.211 m dan Salak II 2.180 m dpl. Ada satu puncak lagi bernama Puncak Sumbul dengan ketinggian 1.926 m dpl.
Sumber : merdeka.com

Lokasi Gunung Salak Bogor

Lihat Peta Lebih Besar

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Mesin ATM ini Dapat Mengeluarkan Koin Emas

Posted by Unknown 2 komentar
Dubai memang terkenal negara kaya dan selalu membuat obsesi yang sangat muluk tentang hal-hal yang mewah dan mahal.
Kali ini adalah Mesin ATM Emas yang diciptakan oleh Thomas Geisler dan mesin ini dapat mengeluarkan koin emas dan emas batangan. Emas ini dapat digunakan sebagai souvenir yang bagus untuk para tamu.
Tetapi untuk tahap awal, ATM Emas ini hanya dapat menerima mata uang lokal, namun nantinya akan dapat dimodifikasi agar dapat menggunakan kartu kredit. Mesin ATM ini juga dilengkapi dengan sistem komputer yang terus-menerus memantau harga emas di pasar dunia saat ini. Harga emas akan mengalami perubahan dan akan berubah mengikuti harga pasar setiap 10 menit…








sumber: yepiye.wordpress.com

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DRUG FACTS

Posted by Unknown Sabtu, 12 Mei 2012 1 komentar
The straight facts about the drugs and illegal substances most frequently abused by youth and adults alike, empower the individual and enable him to make his own informed decision about drugs, their risks and the role they should or should not play in his life. In this society, one is bombarded by falsehoods and mixed messages about drugs and so it is important to be armed with the truth. A person is then able to chart his own course through the morass of misinformation.


Facts About Marijuana (Cannabis and Hashish)

The Truth about Joints dispels the false propaganda that cannabis is “not as bad” as other drugs and provides accurate information about the real dangers of marijuana and hashish.
Street names for Marijuana:  weed, skunk, pot, hash, grass, thai stick, gold seel, sensi, chronic, blow, smoke, green, solid
Cannabis is usually rolled up in a cigarette called a joint or a nail. It can also be brewed as a tea or mixed with food, or smoked through a water pipe called a bong.

Sixty percent of teenagers in drug treatment programmes are there because of marijuana. According to a National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, children who frequently use marijuana are almost four times more likely to act violently or damage property. They are five times more likely to steal than those who do not use the drug.

Marijuana is often more potent today than it used to be. Growing techniques and selective use of seeds have produced a more powerful drug. Correspondingly, there has been a sharp increase in the number of marijuana-related emergency hospital visits by young pot smokers.

Because a tolerance builds up, marijuana can lead users to consume stronger drugs to achieve the same high. When the effects start to wear off, the person may turn to more potent drugs to rid himself of the unwanted conditions that prompted him to take marijuana in the first place.

Marijuana itself does not lead the person to the other drugs: people take drugs to get rid of unwanted situations or feelings. The drug (marijuana) masks the problem for a time (while the user is high). When the “high” fades, the problem, unwanted condition or situation returns more intensely than before. The user may then turn to stronger drugs since marijuana no longer “works.”

Short-term Effects of Marijuana:

They suffer loss of co-ordination and distortions in their sense of time, vision and hearing. Other effects are sleepiness, reddening of the eyes, increased appetite and relaxed muscles. Heart rate can speed up. In fact, in the first hour of smoking marijuana, a user’s risk of a heart attack increases at least five-fold. School performance is reduced through impaired memory and lessened ability to solve problems.

Long-term Effects of Marijuana:

Long-term use can cause psychotic symptoms. It can also damage the lungs and the heart, worsen the symptoms of bronchitis and cause coughing and wheezing. It may reduce the body’s ability to fight lung infections and illness.

Facts about Ecstasy

The Truth about Ecstasy reveals the dangers of this “new” designer drug. Its dangers have been known for decades, only its name changed.
Street names for Ecstasy: E's, pills, brownies, Mitsubishi's, Rolex's, Dolphins, XTC.
Ecstasy is usually taken orally in pill, tablet or capsule form. Taking more than one at a time is called “bumping.”
Ecstasy is a synthetic drug made in a laboratory. Makers may add anything they choose to the drug, such as caffeine, amphetamines and even cocaine. Ecstasy is illegal and has effects similar to hallucinogens and stimulants. It is addictive. The pills are of different colours and are sometimes marked with cartoon-like images. Mixing ecstasy with alcohol is extremely dangerous and can be lethal.
The simulative effects of drugs like ecstasy enable the user to dance for long periods, and when combined with the hot, crowded conditions found at raves, can lead to extreme dehydration and heart or kidney failure.

Short-term Effects of Ecstasy:

  • impaired judgment
  • false sense of affection
  • confusion
  • depression
  • sleep problems
  • severe anxiety
  • paranoia
  • drug craving
  • muscle tension
  • involuntary teeth clenching
  • nausea
  • blurred vision
  • faintness and chills or sweating.

Long-term Effects of Ecstasy:

Prolonged use causes long-lasting and perhaps permanent damage to the brain, affecting the person’s judgment and thinking ability. Some young people have died after using ecstasy only once.

Facts About Cocaine

The Truth about Cocaine describes this drug, once the favorite of corporate executives and entertainment personalities, now a deadly street killer.
Street names for Cocaine: charlie, white, marching powder, coke, C, Percy, snow, toot. For crack – rocks, wash, stones, pebbles, base, freebase

Cocaine and crack cocaine can be taken orally, through the nose (snorted), itravenously, or, in the case of crack, through inhalation of the fumes from heating it.

The terms used to describe ingestion include chewing, snorting, mainlining or injecting and smoking.

The word cocaine refers to the drug in a powder (cocaine) form and a crystal (crack) form. It is made from the coca plant and causes a short-lived intense high that is immediately followed by strong feelings of depression, edginess and a craving for more.

Short-term Effects of Cocaine:

Cocaine causes a short-lived intense high that is immediately followed by the opposite — intense feelings of depression and edginess and a craving for more of the drug. People who use it often don’t eat or sleep properly. They can experience greatly increased heart rate, muscle spasms and convulsions. The drug can make people feel paranoid, angry, hostile and anxious, even when they aren’t high.

Long-term Effects:

In addition to those already mentioned, cocaine can cause irritability, mood disturbances, restlessness, paranoia and auditory hallucinations. Tolerance to the drug develops so that more is needed to produce the same “high.”

Coming down from the drug causes severe depression, which becomes deeper and deeper after each use of the drug. This can get so severe that a person will do almost anything to get the drug—even commit murder. And if he or she can’t get cocaine the depression can get so intense it can drive the addict to suicide.

Heroin Facts

The Truth about Heroin details the countless ways people can fall into the trap of this deadly substance.
Street names for Heroin:  smack, brown, gear, darks, horse, H, B's, skag

Heroin is usually injected, snorted or smoked. It is highly addictive. Heroin enters the brain rapidly but makes people think and react slowly, impairing their decision-making ability. It causes difficulty in remembering things.

Injecting the drug can create a risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis and other diseases caused by infected needles. These health problems can be passed on to sexual partners and newborns. Heroin is one of the three most frequently cited drugs in drug abuse deaths. Violence and crime are linked to its use.

Short-term Effects:

Abusers experience clouded mental functioning, nausea and vomiting. Awareness of pain may be suppressed. Pregnant women can suffer spontaneous abortion. Cardiac functions slow down and breathing is severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death.

Long-term Effects:

Scarred and/or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels, heart valves, abscesses and other soft-tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications may result. Sharing of injection equipment or fluids may result in hepatitis B and C, HIV and other blood-borne viruses.

Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)

The Truth about Crystal Meth describes this drug’s devastating effects and how, in as little as one weekend, it can destroy a life.

Street names for Crystal Methamphetamine: tina and christine, p's, ice, speed, glass, yaba.

Crystal meth and meth is inhaled or smoked. Low doses are in pill form.

Crystal meth is a colorless, odorless form of methamphetamine. It resembles small fragments of glass or shiny blue-white “rocks” of various sizes. On the street, it is known as “ice,”“crystal,” “glass” and other names. It is a highly powerful and addictive man-made stimulant that causes aggression and violent or psychotic behavior. Many users report getting hooked (addicted) from the first time they use it. It is one of the hardest drugs to treat.

Short-term Effects of Crystal Meth:

Negative effects can include disturbed sleep patterns, hyperactivity, nausea, delusions of power, increased aggressiveness and irritability. Can cause decreased hunger and bring on weight loss. In higher doses has a greater “rush,” followed by increased agitation and sometimes violence. Other effects can include insomnia, confusion, hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia and increased aggression. Can cause convulsions leading to death.

Long-term Effects of Crystal Meth:

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, damage to blood vessels in the brain, leading to strokes or irregular heartbeat and cardiovascular collapse or death. Can cause liver, kidney and lung damage. There are strong indications that users suffer brain damage, including memory impairment and an increasing inability to grasp abstract thoughts. Those who recover are usually subject to memory gaps and extreme mood swings.

“Crystal meth was my drug of choice, but there were others too — cheap, easy to get, easy to become addicted to and, of course, easy to use. I tried it once and BOOM! I was addicted. One of the main things that this affected was my music career. I had a great band and played great music and had great members who weren’t only band members but best friends. That all changed when I started using meth.”

— Brad


LSD Facts

The Truth about LSD: Popularized in the 1960s, this drug is making a comeback among younger abusers, and this site shows why youths must say “No” to it.

Street names for LSD:- trips, acid, blotter, cheer, dots, drop, flash, hawk, L, lightening flash, liquid acid, Lucy, micro dot, paper mushrooms, rainbows, smilies, stars, tab, trips, tripper, window.
LSD is sold in tablets, capsules or in liquid form. It is commonly added to absorbent paper and divided into small decorated squares. Each square is a dose.

LSD is still one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals and poisonous substances on Earth. It is manufactured from a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Its effects are unpredictable. A tiny amount can produce 12 hours or more of effects.

Short-term Effects:

Dilated pupils, higher body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth and tremors. People can experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death and feelings of despair while using LSD.

Long-term Effects:

Flashbacks, or recurrences of parts of the “trip” experienced long after the drug was taken and the effect apparently worse.

Oxycodone (Painkillers) Facts

The Truth about Painkillers: these medicinal drugs trap tens of thousands seeking relief from pain and discomfort.
Street names for Oxycodone: • Oxy 80s • Percs • OxyCotton • Oxycet • Hillbilly heroin
Oxycodone is a powerful painkiller. It is the principal ingredient found in Oxycontin, Percocet and Percodan. It is a legal narcotic drug available by prescription to treat severe pain. In pill form it is a controlled-release medication. When the drug is abused, it is crushed and snorted, chewed or mixed with water and injected — eliminating the time-release factor and providing a quick and intense rush to the brain. As powerful as heroin, Oxycodone affects the nervous system the same way.

Short-term Effects:

Common side effects include constipation, nausea, sedation, dizziness, vomiting, headache, dry mouth, sweating and weakness.

Long-term Effects:

Chronic use can result in increased tolerance so that higher doses are taken to experience the initial effect. Over time, the drug becomes addictive, causing withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. These symptoms include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes and involuntary leg movements.


Ritalin Methylphenidate Information

The Truth about Ritalin
Called “kiddie cocaine” when sold on the streets, prescription stimulants destroy young lives daily.
Street names for Ritalin: • Diet Coke • Rids • Kiddy cocaine • Skittles • R-Ball • Smarties • Vitamin R • Poor man's cocaine
Ritalin is the common name for methylphenidate, classified by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as a Schedule II narcotic — the same classification as cocaine, morphine and amphetamines. It is abused by teens for its stimulant effects.
While the law forbids unrestricted distribution of these powerful stimulants, the sad fact remains that these substances are freely available almost anywhere. “Kiddie cocaine,” as it has been called, is handed out like candy. In some schools as many as 20 percent of the students take Ritalin regularly.

Short-term Effects:

Its severest effects include nervousness, insomnia, pulse changes and heart problems. In June 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warned that Ritalin and its sister drugs may cause visual hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, psychotic behavior, as well as aggression or violent behavior. Hazards multiply as users up their quantity, grind and snort it, liquefy or inject it, and use it along with ecstasy and other drugs. Abuse in larger doses puts stress on the heart, which can be fatal, and injection causes serious damage to the lungs and eyes.

Long Term Effects:

The manufacturer says methylphenidate is a drug of dependency. Children on stimulant medications have twice the future rate of drug abuse. One-third of all child anorexia (eating disorders) are linked to use of this drug, as are symptoms of obsessive compulsive behavior — within the first year of use.

A Texas researcher has also found that after only three months of Ritalin use, one out of twelve children treated with it had genetic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of cancer.

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Top 10 Most Dangerous Roads in the World

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 11 Mei 2012 0 komentar
At one time or another, most drivers encounter unsafe road conditions. Hazards can appear in many different forms; for instance, poor weather, drunk drivers, and simple human error can all complicate an otherwise uneventful journey. On the other hand, sometimes the condition of the road itself can put your life in jeopardy.
Some of the following roads appear normal, but actually have high death rates. Others just look outrageously insane. And, of course, some roads fall into both categories.
This list is dedicated to all the white-knuckled, terrified drivers who are forced to brave dangerous roads  and to all the crazies who navigate them for fun.

10. Grand Trunk Road (India)
Constructed by the Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century, India’s Grand Trunk Road (also known as GT) spans more than 1,500 miles from Bangladesh in the east to Pakistan in the west, serving as one of the main thoroughfares across the Indian subcontinent. Over the years, it has functioned both as a major trade route and as a convenient right-of-way for invading armies.
GT is considered dangerous not because of risky heights or disheartening road conditions, but because of the traffic congestion. Trucks, buses, bicycles, pedestrians, and animals have turned parts of this heavily-used road into a major headache. If you’re planning to drive here, you’ll want to be as alert as possible. Photo: by Beardy Git

9. San Isidro de General – Cartago (Costa Rica)
The Pan-American Highway has plenty of dangerous stretches, but the old road that passes through the Costa Rican mountains to link San Isidro de General and Cartago is especially hazardous.
The high point in the pass is known as Cerro de la Muerte, or Mountain of Death – not technically because of the road, but because people traveling through the pass before the road existed often didn’t survive the cold journey. However, the name happens to be an apt descriptor for the road itself, which tests drivers with excessive potholes, steep, narrow curves, and plenty of fog. The road’s height (13,000 feet) can also cause altitude sickness, further impairing drivers.
In addition to these perils, you can also expect to deal with the imprudent habits of local bus and truck drivers, who tend to drive very aggressively and irresponsibly despite the unsafe conditions. Fortunately, a new paved road between Quepos and Dominical has recently been completed, which will give travelers an alternative to the Mountain of Death route.

8. Sichuan – Tibet Highway (China)
China’s high-altitude Sichuan – Tibet Highway covers about 1,500 miles between Chengdu in the east and Lhasa (Tibet) in the west, offering the choice between the northern or southern route. Both options boast beautiful scenery, enormous mountain peaks, various cultural and historical attractions, and many famous rivers. Que’er Mountain pass, the highest point on the route, rises to over 20,000 feet.
Like many other roads that cut through mountains, the Sichuan – Tibet Highway is prone to landslides, falling rocks, and extreme weather conditions that can close roads for a month at a time. Add avalanches and altitude sickness to the lineup, and you could find yourself in rather unsafe driving conditions. It’s certainly a great route for sightseeing, but keep in mind that it will also add a good dose of intensity to your driving adventures.

7. Skippers Road (New Zealand)
In 1862, a couple of shepherds discovered gold in the Shotover River near Queenstown, New Zealand, prompting an immediate gold rush. This in turn necessitated the creation of an access route, and the result was Skippers Road, a narrow, winding, and exhilaratingly treacherous pathway that twists and turns for about 16 ½ miles through Skippers Canyon.
Carved and blasted right out of the solid rock by Chinese laborers, Skippers Road took 22 years to complete, and it doesn’t look much different today than when it was first created. In most places it’s too narrow for vehicles to pass each other, there are no guardrails, and the drop-offs leave absolutely no room for error.
Beautiful, yes, but also risky. Unless you’re a thrill seeker, leave the driving to the tour guides, and keep in mind that car rental companies probably won’t allow you to explore Skippers Road with their vehicles.

6. Halsema Highway (Philippines)
Located on the island of Luzon, the Halsema Highway runs through the Central Cordillera Valley in the Philippines from Baguio to Bontoc and farther on toward Tabuk and Tuguegarao. Landslides and rock falls are common, often stranding motorists for long periods of time. Many portions of the road are still unpaved, although work is supposedly in progress to bring about some improvements, and there are plenty of drop-offs that are steep enough to kill you.
Foggy conditions paired with the lack of much-needed guardrails in certain areas only complicate the Halsema Highway’s already dangerous conditions. Local accounts also indicate that buses traversing this route are less than considerate when it comes to road rules, so watch your step. Photo: http://www.dirjournal.com

5. Patiopoulo – Perdikaki Road (Greece)
In the mountainous Agrafa region of Greece, the route connecting Patiopoulo and Perdikaki is an unnerving example of roads that require constant attentiveness and care from their travelers. Potholes and loose, slippery gravel weaken a driver’s control while distractions from heavy traffic, pedestrians, and livestock create additional hazards. Many sections are very steep and narrow, demanding the utmost of caution.
But there’s more madness involved here – the road apparently includes sharp drop-offs on not just one, but on both sides. And there aren’t any barriers. Strictly for your driving pleasure, of course.

4. Luxor – al – Hurghada Road (Egypt)
The road connecting Luxor (the site of the ancient city of Thebes) with the Egyptian Red Sea resort town of Hurghada is paved, marked, and appears to be relatively safe. However, bandits, terrorist attempts to undermine the tourism industry, and frightened drivers have all combined to turn this route into a major nightmare.
The violent attacks along this road are dangerous enough by themselves, but what sometimes makes it even worse is the fact that most people who drive at night don’t use headlights for fear of announcing their approach. Yes, it could be a great way to avoid unseen enemies, but it also invites other disasters in the form of head-on collisions.
Invisibility might save you from one threat, but there’s a good chance it will deliver you into the hands of another. Consider buying some of those night vision goggles if you plan to drive this road after dark.

3. Fairy Meadows Road (Pakistan)
Situated at the base of Pakistan’s 26,660-foot Nanga Parbat, Fairy Meadows is a picturesque destination for backpackers, photographers, and mountain climbers who want to get closer to the enormous peak and enjoy the scenery. Getting to Fairy Meadows, however, is not such an attractive experience. Part of the trip involves surviving a 6-mile, hour-long drive on an unstable gravel road hacked out of the barren hills.
From Raikot Bridge to the village of Tato, this ‘road’ offers the motorist all the insane features of your typical mountainside dirt trail. It’s narrow, unpaved, steep, and of course there aren’t any guardrails to prevent your Jeep from rolling down into the gorge. You can’t even drive it all the way to Fairy Meadows; the last section has to be covered by bicycle or on foot.
A great road for adventurers, Fairy Meadows Road is definitely not for the faint of heart.

2. Nairobi – Nakuru – Eldoret Highway (Kenya)
As anyone who’s ever driven a car before knows, a road can qualify as dangerous without having muddy, hairpin turns thousands of feet in the air. People die on roads around the world because of other irresponsible drivers, and that’s why this road in Kenya made it onto the list. It looks like a decent place to drive, but speeding, unsafe passing attempts, and drunk driving have inflated the death toll to over 300 every year.
In other words, you might actually have a better chance of surviving on one of those precarious mountain roads.

1. Old Yungas Road (Bolivia)
The Yungas Road is legendary for its extreme danger.

In 1995 the Inter-American Development Bank christened it as the "world's most dangerous road". One estimate is that 200-300 travelers are killed yearly along the road, or one vehicle every two weeks. The road moreover includes Christian crosses marking many of the spots where such vehicles have fallen.

Upon leaving La Paz, the road first ascends up to around 5km, before descending to 1079 ft (330 m), transitioning quickly from cool altiplano terrain to rain forest as it winds through very steep hillsides and atop cliffs.

The road was built in the 1930s during the Chaco War by Paraguayan prisoners. It is one of the few routes that connects the Amazon rainforest region of northern Bolivia, or Yungas, to its capital city. However, an alternative, much safer, road connecting La Paz to Coroico is nearing completion.
Because of the extreme dropoffs, single-lane width, and lack of guardrails, the road is extremely dangerous. Further still, rain and fog can make visibility precarious, the road surface muddy, and loosen rocks from the hillsides above.


On July 24, 1983, a bus veered off the Yungas Road and into a canyon, killing more than 100 passengers in what is said to be Bolivia's worst road accident.

One of the local road rules specifies that the downhill driver never has the right of way and must move to the outer edge of the road. This forces fast vehicles to stop so that passing can be negotiated safely. The danger of the road ironically though has made it a popular tourist destination starting in the 1990s. Mountain biker enthusiasts, in particular, have made it a favorite destination for downhill biking.

Article One: Bus crash kills 29 in Bolivia

Updated: 5:35 p.m. CT Oct 21, 2006

LA PAZ, Bolivia - A bus plunged off a mountain road in central Bolivia early Saturday, killing 29 people and injuring 25, police said.

The crash happened as the bus was attempting to make room for a vehicle heading in the opposite direction along a narrow dirt road near Chulumani.

The bus slipped off the edge and tumbled down the side of a cliff 50 miles east of the Bolivian capital of La Paz, said an official with the regional police speaking on condition of anonymity according to official policy.

The driver was among those killed in the crash.

The injured were taken to hospitals, while five of the dead remained trapped in the wreckage. More deaths were possible given the severity of injuries, the official said.

A bus wreck in August killed 24 after the driver apparently backed over a cliff on another mountainous Bolivian road known as the "Highway of Death" for its frequent fatal crashes.

Deadly wrecks are common in the Andean region, usually involving inexpensive, unregulated buses traveling fast on poorly maintained mountain roads.

Article Two: The World's Most Dangerous Road!
Written by Mark Whitaker,
BBC News, Bolivia

"Every year it is estimated 200 to 300 people die on a stretch of road less than 50 miles long."

It seems perverse that one of the main roads out of one of the highest cities on Earth should actually climb as it leaves town.

But climb it does - just short of a lung-sapping five kilometres (three miles) above sea level, where even the internal combustion engine is forced to toil and splutter.

Then it pauses for a while on the snow-flecked crest of the Andes before pitching - like a giant white knuckle ride - into the abyss.

The road from Bolivia's main city, La Paz, to a region known as the Yungas was built by Paraguayan prisoners of war back in the 1930s.

Many of them perished in the effort. Now it is mainly Bolivians who die on the road - in their thousands.

In 1995, the Inter American Development Bank christened it the most dangerous road in the world. And, as you start your descent, and your driver whispers a prayer, you begin to see why.

The bird's eye view is on the left, on the front seat passenger's side, where the Earth itself seems to open up.

Crosses at the roadside mark the locations of fatal accidents.

A gigantic vertical crack appears. Way below, more than half a mile beneath your passenger window, you can see - cradled between canyon walls - a thin silver thread: the Coroico River rushing to join the Amazon.

On the driver's side there is a sheer rock wall rising to the heavens. There is no margin of error. The road itself is barely three metres wide. That is if you can call it a road.

After the initial stretch to the top of the mountain it is just dirt track. And yet - incredibly - despite no guard rails and hairpin turns, it is a major route for trucks and buses.

Drivers stop to pour libations of beer into the earth - to beseech the goddess Pachamama for safe passage.

Then, chewing coca leaves to keep themselves awake, they are off at break-neck speeds in vehicles which should not be on any road, let alone this one.

Perched on hairpin bends over dizzying precipices, crosses and stone cairns mark the places where travelers' prayers went unheeded. Where, for someone - the road ended.

But even these stark warnings are all too often ignored. As first one - and then a second impatient motorist - overtook our car on the ravine side of the road, my own driver - who hardly ever spoke a word and only then in his native Aymara - intoned loudly, eerily and in perfect English..."You will die."

It is not a rash prediction to make.

Extreme weather conditions make driving more hazardous.

Every year it is estimated 200 to 300 people die on a stretch of road less than 50 miles long. In one year alone, 25 vehicles plunged off the road and into the ravine. That is one every two weeks.

It is the end of the dry season in Bolivia. Soon the rains will come - cascading down the walls of the chasm. Huge waterfalls will drench the road - turning its surface to slime.

Then will come those heart-stopping moments when wheels skid and brakes fail to grip. There are stories told of truckers too tired - or too afraid - to continue, who pull over for the night, hoping to see out an Andean storm. But they have parked too close to the edge. And as they sleep in their cabs, the road is washed away around them. Perched atop the cliff edge, this is not a good place to drop off.

But for now the road is a ribbon of dust. Every vehicle passing along it churns up a sandstorm in its wake.

Choking, blinding clouds obscure the way ahead. Around one hairpin, a cloud of debris was beginning to clear.

Further down the road we passed a spot where a set of fresh tire tracks headed out into the void

As it did, I could see people milling around in the road. Passengers from one of the overloaded and decrepit buses which run the gauntlet of this road.

It seemed at first that they had got off to stretch their legs, while their driver argued with another vehicle coming in the other direction about who should give way. (Reversing is not something you undertake lightly on a cliff edge.)

It transpired instead though, that the bus driver was dying. Blinded by the dust, he had run into the back of a truck. The bus's steering column had gone through him - severing his legs.

There was nothing anyone could do. Mobile phones do not work here. In any case, who would you call? There are no emergency services.

And no way of getting help through, even if any were to be found. The bus driver bled to death.

We edged past the crumpled bus, and headed on.

Further down the road we passed a spot where a set of fresh tire tracks headed out into the void. They told their own story.

High in the Andes, they are building a new road, a bypass to replace the old one. But this is Bolivia, and already it has been 20 years in the making.

Who knows when it will be complete? Until it is, people will have to continue offering up their prayers, and taking their lives in their hands on the most dangerous road in the world.

Article Three: Bolivia's
"Road of Death"
(This was taken from an article written by a man who had finished traveling this road. Here he warns others about the dangers of tourists traveling this road)


The North Yungas Road is hands-down the most dangerous in the world for motorists.

It runs in the Bolivian Andes, 70 km from La Paz to Coroico, and plunges down almost 3,600 meters in an orgy of extremely narrow hairpin curves and 800-meter abyss near-misses.

A fatal accident happens there every couple of weeks, 100-200 people perish there every year.

Among the route there are many visible reminders of accidents, wreckages of lorries and trucks lie scattered around at the bottom... (read BBC article)

The buses and heavy trucks navigate this road, as this is the only route available in the area. Buses crowded with locals go in any weather, and try to beat the incoming traffic to the curves.

It does not help that the fog and vapors rise up from the heavily vegetated valley below, resulting in almost constant fogs and limited visibility. Plus the tropical downpours cause parts of the road to slide down the mountain.

Apparently some companies make business on the road's dubious fame by selling the extreme bike tours down that road. "Gravity Assisted Mountain Biking" is one of them.

I read a scary account of a biking accident. The cyclist hit a rock going downhill and flipped over his handle bars. He landed face first on the ground. As he lay writhing in agony, a car coming around the curve missed hitting the man by a mere 6 inches. The driver later said he swerved as much as he could, but any more to the right and he feared his own car would go over the edge!

If you are nuts enough to consider it, please be advised that you will be only adding to the road hazards, as it's hard to spot a cyclist on the road's hairpin curves, and your shrieks (as you fall down the abyss) will disturb the peace and quiet of the villagers nearby.

Bonus :
In addition to the above article we released a few photos in Indonesia highway is very dangerous. enjoy













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Positive Inspirational Personal Growth Stories : Unexpected Lessons

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Being on the road at 3.15 a.m. to drive 450 kms was not in my plans for the weekend. I had been looking forward to a relaxing couple of days to allow me to recharge my batteries in readiness for the busy week ahead that lay ahead of me.

My eldest son, Simon and a group of his good friends were heading off for a week at the snowfields, however, due to last minute issue with their transportation; I willingly offered to help out and provide the extra car that was required to ensure that everyone got to the drop off point near the snow fields, so that they could then enjoy their weeks break snow boarding and skiing.

As I set out on my early morning journey the only thing I could think about at that time was that no sooner had I arrived and then said my goodbyes, I would be on the road again to make the trip back home, in total a round trip of 900 kms in just on 10 hours.

Although I was only to happy to make the trip, the thought of such a long drive in one day was a daunting one, particularly as I was looking forward to that much required time to relax.

Over the years I have come to realise that in life often events happen to challenge you and that they often don't reveal their real purpose at the time. As I was to discover over the next 10 hours, this was not to be the case on this occasion.

The drive to our destination was punctuated with the mandatory refresher and comfort stops, an early morning breakfast in a highway petrol station that could be best described as filling but far from nutritious, the dawning of a new day, coupled with patches of fog, mist and light rain which typifies a winter's morning as you get closer to the snow fields.

As we drove, Simon and I talked a little about his week's break and a host of what may have seemed unimportant and rather minor subjects, however, it was great to have this time with him as we very rarely spend five continuous hours in each others company, other than in the days when we played Saturday afternoon cricket together.

As I left to make the return trip back home, I had a strange sense of loneliness which quickly disappeared as I concentrated on driving through some very heavy early morning fog. Within an hour I was through the fog and had a clear open road ahead of me, so I engaged cruise control and spent the next four hours listening to some of my favourite CD's.

When I was younger I did a lot of country driving on my own and I often used this time to think about big picture stuff as well as issues and challenges I had in my business or personal life, many of which would be clarified and to a certain extent resolved, during these lengthy times of solitude inside my car.

On this day, I rekindled something from those years of driving long distances on my own, for by the time I had reached home I had developed and set out a plan of action in my mind for one very important issue I had to deal with in the week ahead. Surprisingly after my long trip home I was mentality refreshed and energised, even though I was physically tired and knew that I would sleep well that evening.

I am reminded of the quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson, 'Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood.'

What this unplanned trip to the snowfields had given me were two unexpected but very timely lessons, the first being that we all need to and benefit from spending quality time with our family, loved ones and friends.

The second lesson was that a change in your environment, no matter how temporary, can in itself provide you with the opportunity to look at something from a different perspective and come away with a resolution, as well as be refreshed and energised.

I look forward to my next unexpected event and many more opportunities to spend quality time with those who are important to me and make my life more rewarding.

Inspired by a trip to the snow fields with my son and the need for some refreshed thinking
Written by Keith Ready

This story appeared in InspirEmail No 89 - July 17, 2006

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